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問題 · 2026-05-18
水在結冰時膨脹是因為氫鍵導致分子排列成開放式六角晶體結構，體積增加約9%。
水在結冰時膨脹的原因在於氫鍵的作用。液態水中，水分子具有較高的動能，分子間雖形成氫鍵但不斷斷裂重組，使分子能緊密堆積。當溫度降至0°C以下時，分子運動減慢，氫鍵變得穩定持久，迫使分子排列成開放式的六角晶體結構[1][2][3]。這種幾何排列增加了分子間的平均距離，導致固態冰內部存在大量空隙，相同質量的水結冰後體積增加約9%[1][2]，密度隨之下降[3]。因此冰會浮在水面上[1][2]。這種特性在自然界中至關重要，使湖泊與海洋從表面開始結冰，為下方水生生物提供保溫層，維持生態系統的生存。
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