問題 · 2026-04-30

Why does water expand when it freezes?

水結冰時膨脹是因為氫鍵導致水分子排列成開放的六角形晶格,體積增加約9%,密度降低。

水在結冰時膨脹,主要源於水分子間的氫鍵作用。[1][2][3]當溫度下降至零度時,水分子的動能減少,氫鍵變得穩定,引導分子排列成特定的六角形晶體結構。[2]這種幾何排列要求分子之間保持固定的距離與角度,導致分子間出現較大的空隙。[1][2]與液態水中分子的緊密隨機排列相比,冰的開放式晶格結構使相同數量的水分子佔據更大空間,體積增加約9%。[1][2][3]由於體積變大而質量不變,冰的密度低於液態水,因此冰能浮在水面上。[1][2][4]這是水的異常性質,大多數物質結冰時反而收縮。[1][2]此現象在自然界中至關重要,防止湖泊與海洋從底部完全凍結,保護水生生物的生存環境。[3][5]

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